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- SPACE, Page 90Who Needs the Hubble?
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- A new generation of telescopes may do the job from the ground
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- In the first harsh light of revelation, news that the Hubble
- Space Telescope was flawed appeared to be an unmitigated
- disaster. Because the telescope's main light-focusing mirror
- had been precision ground to the wrong specifications, the U.S.
- had evidently spent $1.5 billion on an instrument that may
- never take the promised supersharp pictures of the heavens.
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- Now the situation does not look so bleak. The Hubble blunder
- is a serious setback, but NASA engineers have found ways to
- computer-enhance the telescope's images so that they are not
- as blurry as the first ones received. More important, in the
- 12 years it took to develop and launch the Hubble, the
- technology of ground-based telescopes has rapidly improved. In
- fact, techniques under development could enable earthbound
- telescopes to do many things the Hubble was supposed to do.
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- Scientists wanted a telescope in space so that the
- instrument would be free from temperature changes and the pull
- of gravity, both of which can subtly distort the shape of
- earthbound mirrors. They also wanted it to rise above earth's
- turbulent atmosphere, whose constant roiling makes the stars
- appear to flicker. But scientists have learned to make mirrors
- that can change their shapes, enabling ground-based telescopes
- to overcome the problems of gravity and temperature
- fluctuations. Soon it may be possible to compensate for the
- atmosphere's turbulence as well.
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- The best example of a shape-changing "active optics" mirror
- is the one in the European Southern Observatory's New
- Technology Telescope in La Silla, Chile. Pistons attached to
- the thin mirror can flex it in and out until a star is as
- focused as possible. The NTT has already produced some of the
- sharpest images ever taken from the ground. A comparable system
- will be used in other projects, including the giant Keck
- Telescope under construction atop Mauna Kea in Hawaii.
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- Active-optics mirrors can refocus in seconds, but the
- atmosphere's turbulence can make a star seem to flicker
- hundreds of times a second. Compensating for the flicker calls
- for a still experimental system called adaptive optics.
- Different versions of the equipment are being developed at the
- University of Hawaii and Johns Hopkins University, as well as
- in Europe.
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- Adaptive optics depends on taking starlight focused by a
- telescope's main mirrors and bouncing it off yet another mirror
- before studying the image. The additional mirror is made of a
- superflexible material -- plastic, in the Johns Hopkins device.
- A light sensor monitors a reference star within the telescope's
- field of view and looks for the shimmering caused by currents
- in the atmosphere. When the sensor detects disturbances, it
- sends signals to electrodes flanking the plastic mirror. The
- electrodes create electric fields that make the plastic bulge
- or dip, canceling out the flicker. Both the Hawaii and Johns
- Hopkins teams expect to test their mirrors early in 1991. If
- they work, the adaptive-optics systems could be used on
- virtually any existing telescope.
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- For all its problems, the Hubble will not be a total waste
- of money. As it is, the telescope is unsurpassed in the
- detection of ultraviolet light. And if NASA is able to send up
- astronauts to fix the Hubble's flawed mirror -- a mission
- tentatively planned for 1993 -- the telescope should be able
- to take somewhat sharper pictures than adaptive-optics systems
- can. But whether or not the repair effort succeeds, astronomers
- can count on seeing better and better images of the heavens
- from earth's surface.
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- By Michael D. Lemonick.
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